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Efficient and accurate image classification via spatial pyramid matching and SURF sparse coding

Author(s)
Saif Ur Rehman Khan School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Asif Raza Department of Computer Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Muhammad Waqas FAST Schools of Computing, Department of Artificial intelligence and Data Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Science (FAST-NUCES), Karachi, Pakistan.
Muhammad Abdur Raphay Zia Department of Computer Science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract
Sparsely coded signal space representations do well in feature quantization. Instead of using standard vector quantization, the suggested method uses selective sparse coding to assemble the most important features of the appearance descriptors of nearby image patches. Inadequate coding also enables adjacent max pooling on some spatial scales, which, unlike the setup of average pooling in a histogram, links interpretation with scale invariance. The acquired visual illustration is the key contribution of this research; it performs outperform with linear-SVM, improves the model training's, which in turn speeds up testing with improves accuracy. The efficacy of the method we have employed has been substantiated through a series of experiments conducted on diverse datasets. Since top-performing image classification systems heavily rely on nonlinear SPM in mean of vector quantization, the trustworthy recommended linear SPM greatly increases the use of larger sets of training data. The method given herein deduces that the sparse coding of SURF feature's function hampered a more comprehensive local appearance descriptor for general-purpose image processing. Experiments and comparisons are conducted on standard datasets such as Caltech-101, FTVL, and Corel-1000, using state-of-the-art techniques and descriptors. When compared over several other image categories and descriptors, the method provided here comes out on top.
Publication Details
Page(s) 10-23
Published Journal: Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, Volume: 7, Issue: 4, Year: 2023

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Keywords
Classification, machine learning, Spatial Pyramid, Image Dataset, SURF Sparse Coding
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