Science and technology have long been seen as a key for sustainable development. Facing rapid scientific development in the world, many developing countries are facing tremendous challenges in S&T development. S&T innovation and capacity-building in the developing countries may be affected by many factors, but the most important one is talent fostering and cooperation among the talent. This paper presents arguments on how to foster talent, encourage women’s participation in science and technology, and strengthen international cooperation for addressing the common concerns over S&T innovation capacity-building in the developing countries.