This article analyzes current knowledge of the effects of anemia and iron deficiency on maternal mortality. Current knowledge indicates that iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is a major risk factor, and might contribute to maternal mortality in the developing world. The purpose of this article was to examine published information regarding the prevalence of anemia in the developing world, analyze its obvious causes that are well documented, as well as those that are less obvious and less well documented and its effects on pregnancy outcome and to identify current gaps in the information. Furthermore, its purpose w to paint a comprehensive and realistic picture of the present situation, and an attempt was made to propose a solution, or to at least urge researchers and concerned government personnel to take the much needed action and further exploration that the subject demands. This could be done by not neglecting the problem any further. The reviewers conclude that the weight of evidence supports the advisability of changing our priorities towards primary health care, developing a more objective research methodology, and employment of universal food fortification programs on a large scale.