Immunological-based approaches in diagnostic laboratory techniques: immunohistochemistry

Sulafa Ezzat Sharaf; Zahir Hussain; Muhammad S. Malki; Saleh E. Al-Malki; Fatima Zahir; Malaika Ata Karim; Ghulam Zainab

No Detail Found!

Immunological-based approaches in diagnostic laboratory techniques: immunohistochemistry

Author(s)

Sulafa Ezzat Sharaf Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, King Faisal Hospital,Makkah,Saudi Arabia

Zahir Hussain Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University,Makkah,Saudi Arabia

Muhammad S. Malki Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, King Faisal Hospital,Makkah,Saudi Arabia

Saleh E. Al-Malki Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, King Faisal Hospital,Makkah,Saudi Arabia

Fatima Zahir Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College (LNMC),National Stadium Road, Karachi 74800,Pakistan

Malaika Ata Karim Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College (LNMC),National Stadium Road, Karachi 74800,Pakistan

Ghulam Zainab Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College (LNMC),National Stadium Road, Karachi 74800,Pakistan

Abstract

There are a variety of techniques wherein immunological-based approaches are implicated for diagnostic laboratory techniques. One of those techniques is immunohistochemistry (IHC). It IHC helps diagnosing medical conditions/ disorders by using antibodies and certain markers for labelling the specific parts of tissue. It is quite helpful for diagnosing disease, finding the prognosis, predicting for the treatment outcome, checking the response of treatment and developing new drug treatment approaches. The present review article explains the IHC related to its use and significance, methods and procedural details including mainly the preparation and labelling of sample tissues, and clinical, diagnostic and research applications. There are many advantages for using IHC for identifying the exact location of a protein and hence studying protein expression in a tissue under examination. Its main disadvantage is that unlike the immunoblotting wherein molecular weight of the protein can be compared and identified, it shows difficulty to determine whether the protein undergoing staining is the target protein. However, this can be overcome by first validating the primary antibodies using immunoblotting. The modern techniques in IHC are helpful for the carcinomas of head, neck, salivary glands and various other parts of the body. Each laboratory uses a different procedure/ method of IHC that reveals the differences in responses/ results. A test may show a false result in case the antibody selected does not detect the true antigen. However, the pathologists/ IHC experts check before testing the unknown tissue sample, whether the antibody stains the target antigen containing tissue. Furthermore, there are certain other demerits of employing IHC. But when the procedure/ method of the IHC is carried out correctly, the IHC is the reliable technique.

Publication Details

Page(s) 13-18

DOI DOI not available

Published Journal: International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, Volume: 22, Issue: 1, Year: 2025

Request the full text from PASTIC

Keywords

clinical, Immunohistochemistry, preparation and labelling of tissue sample, diagnostic and research applications, antigen-antibody interaction

References

Ahmadi S.,Achari V.M.,Hussain Z.,Hashim R. .2017 .Epimeric and anomeric relationship of octyl- α - Dgluco/galactosides: insight from density functional theory and atom in molecules studies. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 1108 : 93-102.

Anjum S.,Hussain Z. .1998 .Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of common colds. The Medicine International, 1(6) : 2-4.

Bernardi F.D.,Saldiva P.H.,Mauad T. .2005 .Histological examination has a major impact on macroscopic necropsy diagnoses. J Clin Pathol., 58(12) : 1261-1264.

Binch A.,Snuggs J.,Le Maitre C.L. .2020 .Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression in formalin fixed paraffin embedded human intervertebral disc tissues. JOR Spine, 10(3) : 1098.

Burgess J.,Marshall A.,Rapteas L.,Hamill K.J.,Marshall A.,Malik R.A.,Frank B.,Alam U. .2024 .Automated immunohistochemistry of intra-epidermal nerve fibres in skin biopsies: A proof-of-concept study. J Peripher Nerv Syst., 39164223(4) : 574-338.

Couce M.E.,Burguera B.,Parisi J.E.,Jensen M.D.,Lloyd R.V. .1997 .Localization of leptin receptor in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology, 66(3) : 145-150.

Demirkhanyan L.,Krishnan V.,Asuthkar S.,Alexander B.,Hussain Z.,Baskaran P.,Nersesyan Y.,Cohen A.,Pavlov E.,Thyagarajan B.,Zakharian B. .2018 .TRPM8 regulates sexual desire and satiety. Biophysical Journal, 114(3) : p643a.

Duraiyan J.,Govindarajan R.,Kaliyappan and M. Palanisamy K. .2012 .Applications of immunohistochemistry. J Pharm Bioallied Sci., 4(Suppl 2) : S307-309.

Eh Suk VR,Marlina A.,Hussain Z.,Misran M. .2021 .N-Stearoyl Chitosan as a Coating Material for Liposomes Encapsulating Itraconazole. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46(6) : 5645-5653.

Fatima S.,Khan N.I.,Yasmeen G.,Hajir B.,Hussain Z. .2007 .Antiatherogenic effects of Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) in rabbits with experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia. Int J Biol Biotech., 4(4) : 437-441.

Faulk W.P.,G.M. Taylor W.P. .1971 .An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope. Immunochemistry, 8(11) : 1081-1083.

Gregerson D.S.,Abrahams I.W.,Puklin J.E. .1982 .Serum antibody responses to bovine retinal S-antigen and rod outer segments in proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after argon laser photocoagulation. Ophthalmology, 89(7) : 767-771.

Harsh M. .2005 .Jaypee brother's medical publishers. 3rd edition, : 14.

Hrycaj S. .2023 .Immunohistochemistry: Origins, Tips, and a Look to the Future. The Scientist, Oct, 17 : .

Hussain Z. .2024 .Sodium channel hydrogen bonding in epilepsy: molecular physiology and biophysics. Int. J. Biol. and Biotech, 21(1) : 45-52.

Hussain Z. .2024 .Investigating the role of serum hepcidin and interleukin-6 in non-anemic women with acute ischemic stroke. International Journal of Biomedicine, 14(2) : 260-264.

Hussain Z. .2022 .. Electrophysiology of membrane potentials: mathematical physiology and mathematical medicine perspectives. Int. J. Biol. Biotech, 19(2) : 161-170.

Hussain Z.,Demirkhanyan L.,Asuthkar S.,Zakharian S. .2017 .Testosterone is a Highly Potent and Specific Agonist of TRPM8. Biophysical Journal, 110(3) : p613a.

Hussain Z. .2010 .German National Library-Thomson Reuters-ISI Copyright Library. , 239 : .

Hussain Z.,Sohail S.,Ashraf A .2007 .Blood cholesterol concentration in smoking and non-smoking patients with diabetes mellitus. Hum Health, 3(7) : 5-8.

Hussain Z.,Backx P.H.,JPMC P.H. .1997 .Effects of lidocaine on sodium channels with altered inactivation properties. 34th Annual Medical Symposium, : .

Hussain Z. .1984 .Steroids, neurosteroids, PMS, catamenial epilepsy and MPR therapy. Monograph, : .

Hussain Z.,K.Z. Hasan Z. .1982 .Anemia of inflammation and autoimmune anemia. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), : .

Im K.,Mareninov S.,Diaz M.E.P.,Yong W.H. .1897 .An Introduction to Performing Immunofluorescence Staining. Methods Mol Biol, : 299-311.

Janisset N.R.L.L.,Romariz S.A.A.,Hashiguchi D.,Quintella M.L.,Gimenes C.,Yokoyama T.,Filev R.,Faber Silva J.,Longo B.M. .2022 .Partial protective effects of cannabidiol against PTZinduced acute seizures in female rats during the proestrus-estrus transition. Epilepsy Behav, 108615 : 108615.

Javaid A,Sohail S.,Khan T.A.,Zahir H.,Hussain Z. .2019 .Ischemic disease and obesity: Plasma Lipids, Homocysteine and Hematological studies. Int. J Biol Biotech., 16(1) : 49-58.

Kim S.W.,Roh J.,Park C.S.,Transl Tips. J Pathol .2016 .Med. , 50(6) : 411-418.

Krenacs T.,Krenacs L.,Raffeld M. .2010 .Multiple antigen immunostaining procedures. Methods Mol Biol, 588 : 281-300.

Li Q.,Dai X.Q.,Shen P.Y.,Wu Y.,Long W.,Chen C.X.,Hussain Z.,Wang S.,Chen X.Z. .2007 .Direct binding of alpha-actinin enhances TRPP3 channel activity. J Neurochem, 103(6) : 2391-400.

Libard S.,Cerjan D.,I. Alafuzoff D. .2019 .Characteristics of the tissue section that influence the staining outcome in immunohistochemistry. Histochem Cell Biol, 151(1) : 91-96.

Lima M.L.,Leite L.H.,Gioda C.R.,Leme F.O.,Couto C.A.,Coimbra C.C.,Leite V.H.,Ferrari T.C. .2016 .A Novel Wistar Rat Model of Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by Sucrose-Rich Diet. J. Diabetes Res., 10 : .

Magaki S.A.,Hojat B.,Wei A.,So W.H.,Yong W.H. .1897 .An Introduction to the Performance of Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol, : 289-298.

Mahmood A.,Hussain Z. .1999 .Common colds- prevention and general measures. The Medicine International, 2(2) : 7-9.

Mason D.Y.,Sammons R. .1978 .Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase for double immunoenzymatic labelling of cellular constituents. J Clin Pathol., 31(5) : 454-60.

Matias C.,Hussain M.H.,Hussain Z. .2017 .Lipid membrane-estrogen interaction: molecular and biophysical perspective: A mini overview. International Journal of Biology Research, 5(2) : 35-42.

Mebratie. D.Y and G.G. Dagnaw .2024 .Review of immunohistochemistry techniques: Applications, current status, and future perspectives. Semin Diagn Pathol., 41(3) : 154-160.

Nakane P.K.,Jr. Pierce G.B. .1966 .Enzyme-labeled antibodies: preparation and application for the localization of antigens. J Histochem Cytochem., 14(12) : 929-31.

Naz L.,Hussain Z.,Husain T. .2009 .Int J Biol Biotech. , 6(1) : 83-87.

Hidalgo Ortiz,C Ortiz .2022 .Immunohistochemistry in Historical Perspective: Knowing the Past to Understand the Present. Methods Mol Biol, 2422 : 17-31.

Peltomaa R,Barderas R.,Benito-Peña and M.C. Moreno-Bondi E. .2022 .Recombinant antibodies and their use for food immunoanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem, 414(1) : 193-217.

Petridou E.T.,Mitsiades N.,Gialamas S.,Angelopoulos M.,Skalkidou A.,N A.,Hsi A.,Lazaris N.,Polyzos A.,Syrigos C.,Brennan A.M.,Tseleni-Balafouta S.,Mantzoros C.S. .2007 .Circulating adiponectin levels and expression of adiponectin receptors in relation to lung cancer: two case-control studies. Oncology, 73(3-4) : 261-269.

Qureshi M.A.,Hussain Z.,Aziz and K.Z. Hasan H. .1988 .Changes in estrogen and progesterone, seizure occurrence and effect of anticonvulsant medication in catamenial epileptics. FASEB Journal, 2(5) : 4500.

Rajendran R. .2009 .Shafer's textbook of oral pathology. 6th edition. , : 932.

Ram. S. ,Vizcarra P.,Whalen P.,Deng S.,Painter C.L.,Jackson-Fisher A,Pirie-Shepherd S.,Xia X.,Powell E.L. .2021 .Pixelwise H-score: A novel digital image analysis-based metric to quantify membrane biomarker expression from immunohistochemistry images. PLoS One, 0245638(9) : .

Ramos-Vara J.A .2005 .Technical aspects of immunohistochemistry. , 42(4) : 405-426.

Rehman R.,Hussain Z.,Zuberi N.A. .2013 .Prediction of success in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) by estimation of serum estradiol/progesterone ratio on the day of embryo transfer. J Pak Med, 63(5) : 609-613.

Røste L.S.,Taubøll E.,Berner A.,Isojärvi J.I.,Gjerstad J.I. .2001 .Valproate, but not lamotrigine, induces ovarian morphological changes in Wistar rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 52(6) : 545-552.

Roulson J.,Benbow E.W.,Hasleton P.S. .2005 .Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta-analysis and review. Histopathology, 47(6) : 551-559.

Saiz A.,Arias M.,Fernández-Barreiro A.,Mínguez A.,Casamitjana R.,Tolosa E.,Graus F. .1998 .Utilidad diagnóstica de los anticuerpos antiglutamato decarboxilasa en el síndrome de la persona rígida (stiff-man syndrome) [Diagnostic usefulness of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in stiff-man syndrome]. Med Clin (Barc), 9567281(10) : 378-81.

Scherbaum W.A.,Bottazzo G.F.,Doniach D. .1983 .Autoimmune Form des zentralen Diabetes insipidus mit Antikörpern gegen Vasopressin-produzierende Zellen des Hypothalamus [Autoimmune form of central diabetes insipidus with antibodies against vasopressin-producing hypothalamic cells]. Dtsch Med, 8(27) : 1053-1058.

Sherriff F.E.,Bridges L.R.,Sivaloganathan S. .1994 .Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for beta-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol., 87(1) : 55-62.

Sohail S.,Javaid A.,Khan T.A.,Zahir H.,Hussain Z. .2019 .Diabetes mellitus, obesity and adipocytokines: Pathophysiological perspectives (. Int J Biol Biotech., 16(2) : 325-339.

Sohail S.,Hussain Z. .2013 .Pathophysiology of ischemic disorders- Ischemia, adipocytokines and diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Biotech., 10(2) : 155-166.

Sohail S.,Hussain Z.,JPMC Z. .2009 .Influence of diet and physical activity in pre-diabetes. Jan 2009 46th Annual Symposium, : .

Sohail S.,Hussain Z. .2008 .Electrolyte and cholesterol variations in patients with diabetes mellitus. 35th All Pak Sc Conf, Genomics for Health and Prosperity. , : .

Sun A.K.,Fan S.,Choi S.W. .2025 .Exploring Multiplex Immunohistochemistry (mIHC) Techniques and Histopathology Image Analysis: Current Practice and Potential for Clinical Incorporation. Cancer Med, 10(1) : 70523.

Taupin P. .2007 .BrdU immunohistochemistry for studying adult neurogenesis: paradigms, pitfalls, limitations, and validation. Brain Res Rev., 53(1) : 198-214.

Vainzof M.,Zatz M. .2003 .Protein defects in neuromuscular diseases. Braz J Med Biol Res., 36(5) : 543-555.

Wang Y,Pang F. .2024 .Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods. Front Microbiol, 1370050 : 1370050.

Ward J.M.,Rehg J.E. .2013 .Rodent immunohistochemistry: pitfalls and troubleshooting. Vet Pathol, 51(1) : 88-101.

Wu Y.,Dai X.Q.,Li Q.,Chen C.X.,Mai W.,Hussain Z.,Long W.,Montalbetti N.,Li G.,Glynne R.,Wang S.,Cantiello H.F.,Wu G.,Chen X.Z. .2006 .Kinesin-2 mediates physical and functional interactions between polycystin-2 and fibrocystin. Hum Mol Genet, 15(22) : 3280-3292.

Zahir F.,Zainab and M. G.,Karim G. .2024 .Guillain-Barré syndrome: Recent approaches in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Int. J. Biol. Biotech, 21(3) : 299-306.

Zehntner S.P.,M.M. Chakravarty R.J.,Bolovan C.,Chan B.J.,Bedell B.J. .2008 .Synergistic tissue counterstaining and image segmentation techniques for accurate, quantitative immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem., 56(10) : 873-880.

Zhu S.,Schuerch C.,Hunt C. .2015 .Review and updates of immunohistochemistry in selected salivary gland and head and neck tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 139(1) : 55-66.

Citations

Downloads

Views