Physiological and Pathological Evaluation of Mechanically Ventilated Anesthetized Pigs

Jutapoln Sunghan; Watcharapol Suyapoh; Sakkarin Lethongkam; Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai; Sumit Durongphongtorn; Chalika Wangdee; Nitira Anakkul; Vudhiporn Limprasutr; Krittee Dejyong

doi:10.47278/journal.ijvs/2022.215

Jutapoln Sunghan Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University,Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110,Thailand

Watcharapol Suyapoh Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University,Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110,Thailand

Sakkarin Lethongkam Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University,,

Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University;Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

Sumit Durongphongtorn Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,,Thailand

Chalika Wangdee Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,,Thailand

Nitira Anakkul Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,,Thailand

Vudhiporn Limprasutr Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University,,Thailand

Krittee Dejyong Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University,Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110,Thailand

Prolonged assisted ventilation during anesthesia and critical care is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. However, no study of mechanically ventilated patients has examined the mortalityrelated physiology and pathology. Our study investigated physiological, hematological and pathological changes in pigs that died during anesthesia. Six pigs were placed under ventilation-assisted anesthesia for up to 48h. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial blood (MAP), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored every 15min until the pigs dies. Blood glucose, serum lactate, pH, and serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) were measured every 12h until death. Tissues were harvested from lung, liver, heart, and kidney of pigs immediately after death during anesthesia. All pigs died during anesthesia. Times of death varied. One pig died at approximately 18h (Group I), two pigs at 24h (Group II), one pig at 36h (Group III), and two pigs at 48h (Group IV). Decreased MAP was reported in all groups throughout anesthesia. Each group showed different changes before death; Group I and III showed decreased blood glucose (45mg/dL) and (17mg/dL), respectively; Group III showed elevated serum lactate (9.76 mmol/l) and reduced pH (7.13) that suggested metabolic acidosis; Group IV showed increased ETCO2 (64.35±5.79 mmHg). Pigs that survived longer showed a higher level of cellular injury to the liver and respiratory system. Blood glucose, MAP, and ETCO2 should be carefully monitored during anesthesia for better patient outcomes and reduced mortality.