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Precise yield estimation through improvised CASA model by development of soil and atmospheric constants (sᵮ) and (aþ)

Author(s)
Rao Mansor Ali Khan University of the Punjab,Lahore,Pakistan
Syed Amer Mahmood University of the Punjab,Lahore,Pakistan
Abstract
Net Primary Production (NPP) is an indicator that is widely used to determine the supply of food and wood. NPP incorporates almost all factors that participate in the growth and development of a particular crop. ehTse factors include various heat uflxes (e.g., ground, sensible and latent heat uflx), a variety of radiations (e.g., extraterrestrial, shortwave, longwave, and net radiations), and the photosynthesis index. In this research, the net radiations were estimated as 27,428 Wm-2 throughout the wheat growth period (WGP), including (118.3 Wm-2) as shortwave and (34.63 Wm-2) as longwave radiation. Latent, soil and latent heat uflxes were estimated as 3324 Wm -2, 16,549 Wm-2, and 7554 Wm-2, respectively. Water stress during the complete WGP ranged between 0.5838 and 0.1218 from the start to the end of the cultivation period. eTh biomass creation was estimated as6.09-1.03 g/m 2 / day, which was higher at the start of WGP than declined at the end. Finally, the estimated yield was very diefrent as compared to the actual yield. eTh yield estimated through the CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach) model was uniform for the complete study site; however, the actual yield was about 74% less than CASA generated yield in various plots. iThs issue was further investigated and found that the CASA model lacks various aspects. eThse aspects include soil suitability parameters, including pH, Organic matter, CaCO3, texture, and Electric Conductivity. eTh largest gap inthe CASA model, which aefcted the overall productivity of wheat, was the smog/haze factor which was not incorporated. eTh environmental factors include Black Carbon (BC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), and Sulphur dioxide (SO2). To cater to these issues, two indicators were developed to incorporate the smog and soil-related issues. eThse indicators are named Soil Factor (S? ) and Atmospheric Factor (Aþ). If the soil is “Not Suitable,” the values of S? is 0.147, for less suitable soil S? is 0.21, for moderately suitable soil, S? is 0.61, and for highly suitable soil, S? is 0.95. By substituting these values of S?, the overall results approach to actual yield by 96%. eTh other factor Aþ is based on incorporating the situation of Atmospheric conditions faced by the wheat crop canopy, whichinclude Black Carbon (BC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) parameters. If the overall air quality is conducive, the value of Aþ is near 1. eTh results obtained through the improved CASA model by the addition of S? and Aþ provided a very accurate yield that was near to actual estimates.iThs study is important to obtain precise estimates of cereal crops incorporating physioclimatic factor that leads toward precision agriculture.
Publication Details
Page(s) 355-371
Published Journal: Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, Volume: 38, Issue: 5, Year: 2022

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Keywords
Biomass estimation and water stress, Net primary production (NPP), Net, Wheat cultivation period, Respiration and CASA model
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