techniques for monitoring immune responses in animals post vaccination in the era covid-19 | [Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences • 2023]

Author(s):

1. Nasrullah: University of Balochistan,Quetta,Pakistan

2. Nadia Jamil: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

3. Sheziab Saddiqui: Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and technology,Karachi,Pakistan

4. Shahid Mahmood Chuhan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

5. Waqar Hassan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

6. Maliha Wajeeh: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

7. Zahra Zahid Piracha: Department of Microbiology, Ajou University,Suwon,South Korea

8. Ali Dino: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

9. Kamran Khan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

10. Muhammad Zohaib Khan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

11. Muhammad Waqar Younas Abbasi: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

12. Saeed Khan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

13. Rahat Bano: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

14. Saher Tariq: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

15. Muhammad Rashid: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

16. Kamran Ullah: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

17. Mujtaba Babar: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

18. Saifullah Khan: Center for Excellence in Science and Applied Technology (CESAT),Islamabad,Pakistan

Abstract:

The immune response is a critical aspect of an organism's defense against pathogens and diseases. Mo nito ring immune respo nses in a nimals is essential for understa nding the mechanisms of immunity, developing vaccines, and eval uating the effica cy of immunothera pies. This review a rticle discusses various techniques fo r mo nito ring immune responses including enzy me-l inked immunoso rbent assay (ELISA), Serum virus neutral ization (SVN) test, Haemoagglutina tion (HI) test, flow cyto metry, ELISpot assay, poly merase cha in reaction (PCR), and imag ing techniques fo r vaccine developed, the techniques monito ring both cellula r and humo ral immune response which a re most impo rtant fo r vaccine ma chine understanding and mechanism. DNA vaccines have emerged a s a pro mising a pproach in the field of immunization due to their ability to induce robust and long -lasting immune respo nses against a wide ra nge of pathogens and diseases. Understanding and monito ring the immune responses el icited by DNA vaccines a re crucial fo r assessing their effica cy, safety, and potential fo r cl inical a ppl ica tio ns. This review a rticle a ims to prov ide a co mprehensive overview of the various techniqu es used fo r monito ring immune respo nses against DNA vaccines, with a focus on key immunological pa ra meters, experimental methodologies, and recent advancements. Additionally, we discuss the significa nce of these mo nito ring techniques in advancing the devel opment and optimization of DNA vaccines.

Page(s): 91-106

DOI: 10.31580/pjmls.v6i2.205

Published: Journal: Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, Volume: 6, Issue: 2, Year: 2023

Keywords:

monitoring , Immune response , Vaccine development , Immunotherapy evaluation

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