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Determining Optimal First Flush Volumes to Enhance Rainwater Quality: Insights from Physicochemical Analysis in Nathiagali, Pakistan
Author(s):
1. Mubarak Ahmad: School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuxi University,Wuxi,China
2. Maqbool Ahmad: Department of Elementary and Secondary Education,Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
3. Allah Ditta: Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Dir (U) 18000, Pakistan; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
4. Bahadar Zeb: Department of Mathematics,SBBU,, Sheringal, Dir (Upper),Pakistan
Abstract:
The first flush diversion is purposefully described as a practice to reduce both dissolved and suspended contaminants in rainwater installations. The use of a first flush diverter (FFD) is a low-cost method of improving the quality of the rainwater you harvest. This paper describes the calculated amount of first flush and quality of harvested rainwater in Nathia gali, Abbottabad through volume based grab sampling of rainwater picked up directly from the catchments area (roof) and contains analysis of some physicochemical water quality parameters, including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids. The first flush phenomenon isolates sediments, bird droppings, spiders, insects, mosquito eggs, and debris from reaching the storage tanks. Any initial rain should wash the roof before the water enters the main tank. While there is near consensus that this is a good practice, there are no accepted standards or conventions in the literature on the amount of water that should be diverted in the first flush as documented values are inconsistent. It depends on many subsequent factors influencing; the initial rainfall (rainfall intensity or average),size of roof, roof materials, slope, time and exposure before rainfall. The paper suggested that, first, 25 to 30 gallons of water should be diverted to the first flush.
Page(s): 85-85
DOI: DOI not available
Published: Journal: 1st International Conference on "Recent Advances in Green Biotechnology and Climate Resilience", September 15-16, 2025, Volume: 1, Issue: 1, Year: 2025
Keywords:
rainwater harvesting , first flush diverter , Rainwater quality , rainwater quantity
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