[1] Ahmed-Belkacem ea,Ahnou N,Barbotte L,Wychowski C,Pallier C,Brillet R,Pohl RT,Pawlotsky JM .2010 .Silibinin and related compounds are direct inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Gastroenterology, 138(3) : 1112-1122.
[2] Alghamdi AS,Alghamdi H,Alserehi HA,Babatin MA,Alswat KA,Alghamdi M,Qutub AA,Abaalkhail F,Altraif I,Alfaleh FZ,Sanai FM .2024 .SASLT guidelines: Update in treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi J. Gastroenterol., 30 : S1-42.
[3] Ali HR .2022 .Naser AW Synthesis, biological activity and molecular docking study of some new chalcones, pyrazolines and isoxazolines derivatives bearing 1, 2, 3-triazoline. Int. J. Health Sci., : 76-118.
[4] Amer FA .2018 .Large-scale hepatitis C combating campaigns in Egypt and Georgia; past, current and future challenges. JIDC, 12(06) : 404-414.
[5] Appleby TC,Anderson R,Fedorova O,Pyle AM,Wang R,Liu X,Brendza KM,Somoza JR .2011 .Visualizing ATP-dependent RNA translocation by the NS3 helicase from HCV. J. Mol. Biol, 405(5) : 1139-1153.
[6] Ashfaq UA,Idrees S UA .2014 .Medicinal plants against hepatitis C virus. , 20(11) : 2941.
[7] Ashfaq UA,Javed T,Rehman S,Nawaz Z,Riazuddin S Z .2011 .Inhibition of HCV 3a core gene through Silymarin and its fractions. J. Virol., 8(1) : 1-7.
[8] Azeem M,Mustafa G,Ahmed S,Mushtaq A,Arshad M,Usama M,Farooq M M .2024 .Structure based screening and molecular docking with dynamic simulation of natural secondary metabolites to target RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of five different retroviruses. PloS One, 19(8) : e0307615.
[9] Bachmetov L,Gal-Tanamy M,Shapira A,Vorobeychik M,Giterman-Galam T,Sathiyamoorthy P,GolanGoldhirsh A,Benhar I,Tur‐Kaspa R,Zemel R .2012 .Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity. J. Viral Hepat, 19(2) : e81-e88.
[10] Bamba M,Bordage S,Sahuc M-E,Moureu S,Samaillie J,Roumy V,Vauchel P,Dimitrov K,Rouillé Y,Dubuisson J .2022 .Anti-HCV tannins from plants traditionally used in West Africa and extracted with green solvents. Front, 12 : 789688.
[11] Bernardin F,Stramer SL,Rehermann B,Page-Shafer K,Cooper S,Bangsberg DR,Hahn J,Tobler L,Busch M,Delwart E .2007 .High levels of subgenomic HCV plasma RNA in immunosilent infections. Virology, 365(2) : 446-456.
[12] Bertino G,Ardiri A,Proiti M,Rigano G,Frazzetto E,Demma S,Ruggeri MI,Scuderi L,Malaguarnera G,Bertino N G .2016 .Chronic hepatitis C: This and the new era of treatment. World J. Hepatol., 8(2) : 92.
[13] Bhattacharjee C,Singh M,Das D,Chaudhuri S,Mukhopadhyay A .2021 .Current therapeutics against HCV. , 32(2) : 228-243.
[14] Bokhari M,Carnachan RJ,Cameron NR,Przyborski SA .2007 .Culture of HepG2 liver cells on three dimensional polystyrene scaffolds enhances cell structure and function during toxicological challenge. J. Anat., 211(4) : 567-576.
[15] Bose M,Kamra M,Mullick R,Bhattacharya S,Das S,Karande AA .2017 .Identification of a flavonoid isolated from plum (Prunus domestica) as a potent inhibitor of Hepatitis C virus entry. Scientific Reports, 7(1) : 3965.
[16] Cai L,Qin X,Xu Z,Song Y,Jiang H,Wu Y,Ruan H,Chen J .2019 .Comparison of cytotoxicity evaluation of anticancer drugs between real-time cell analysis and CCK-8 method. , 4(7) : 12036-12042.
[17] Calland N,Dubuisson J,Rouillé Y,Séron K Y .2012 .Hepatitis C virus and natural compounds: A new antiviral approach?. Viruses, 4(10) : 2197-2217.
[18] Chamchoy K,Pakotiprapha D,Pumirat P,Leartsakulpanich U .2019 .Application of WST-8 based colorimetric NAD (P) H detection for quantitative dehydrogenase assays. BMC Biochem, 20(1) : 1-14.
[19] Chen YH,Wu CP,Lin HL,Liaw RB,Lai YY,Wu MC,Chen LR,Jason Tsai P-S LR .2020 .Tetrazolium salt wst-8 as a novel and reliable chromogenic indicator for the assessment of boar semen quality. Animals, 10(12) : 2293.
[20] Choudhari AS,Mandave PC,Deshpande M,Ranjekar P,Prakash O .2020 .Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: From preclinical studies to clinical practice. Front, 10 : 1614.
[21] Crema A,Ponzetto A,Clementi M,Carloni G .2015 .Steps and routes of HCV infection: The great promise of new anti-viral targets. Curr. Drug Targets, 16(7) : 757-770.
[22] Davis C,Mgomella GS,da Silva Filipe A,Frost EH,Giroux G,Hughes J,Hogan C,Kaleebu P,Asiki G,McLauchlan J .2019 .Highly diverse hepatitis C strains detected in Sub Saharan Africa have unknown susceptibility to direct acting antiviral treatments. , 69(4) : 1426-1441.
[23] Douglas MW,Tay ES,Wang DS,Ong AT,Wilson C,Phu A,Kok J,Dwyer DE,Bull RA,Lloyd AR .2020 .Impact of an open access nationwide treatment model on hepatitis C virus antiviral drug resistance. Hepatol. Commun., 4(6) : 904-915.
[24] Dunford L,Carr MJ,Dean J,Waters A,Nguyen LT,Ta Thi TH,Thi LAB,Do HD,Thi TTD,Nguyen HT .2012 .Hepatitis C virus in Vietnam: High prevalence of infection in dialysis and multi-transfused patients involving diverse and novel virus variants. PLoS One, 7(8) : e41266.
[25] El Bakri Y,Saravanan K,Ahmad S,Mague JT .2023 .Synthesis, virtual screening and computational approach of a quinoxaline derivative as potent antiHIV agent targeting the reverse transcriptase enzyme. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 41(11) : 5277-5290.
[26] Ezzat SM,Jeevanandam J,Egbuna C,Kumar S,Ifemeje JC .2019 .Phytochemicals as sources of drugs. Phytochemistry: An in-silico and in-vitro Update. , : 3-22.
[27] Farooq S,Faiz S,Wahab AT,Choudhary MI .2024 .Determination of hepatitis C virus subtype prevalent in Sindh, Pakistan: A phylogenetic analysis. Sci. Rep, 14(1) : 11159.
[28] Flechsig H .2014 .Computational biology approach to uncover hepatitis C virus helicase operation. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 20(13) : 3401.
[29] GO .2018 .Studies in the phytochemical analysysis and biological activities of leaves of Solanum surattense burm.f A medicinally important plant. Biosci. discov., 9(1) : 114-121.
[30] Ganesan A. Barakat K .2017 .Applications of computeraided approaches in the development of hepatitis C antiviral agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 12(4) : 407-425.
[31] Ganta KK,Mandal A,Debnath S,Hazra B,Chaubey B B .2017 .Anti‐HCV activity from semi‐purified methanolic root extracts of Valeriana wallichii. PTR, 31(3) : 433-440.
[32] Geddawy A,Ibrahim YF,Elbahie NM,Ibrahim MA .2017 .Direct acting anti-hepatitis C virus drugs: clinical pharmacology and future direction. J TRANSL INTERN MED, 5(1) : 8-17.
[33] Gonzales Zamora JA .2018 .Adverse effects of direct acting antivirals in HIV/HCV coinfected patients: A 4- year experience in Miami. Florida. Diseases, 6(2) : 51.
[34] Govind P .2011 .Medicinal plants against liver diseases. IJPR, 2(5) : 115-121.
[35] Hafid AF,Aoki-Utsubo C,Permanasari AA,Adianti M,Tumewu L,Widyawaruyanti A,Wahyuningsih SPA,Wahyuni TS,Lusida MI,Hotta H MI,Trop MI .2017 .Antiviral activity of the dichloromethane extracts from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves against hepatitis C virus. Asian Pac. , 7(7) : 633-639.
[36] Hsu WC,Chang SP,Lin LC,Li CL,Richardson CD,Lin CC,Lin LT .2015 .Limonium sinense and gallic acid suppress hepatitis C virus infection by blocking early viral entry. Antiviral Res., 118 : 139-147.
[37] Jalali Ghassam B,Ghaffari H,Prakash H,Kini KR H .2014 .Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extracts against CCl4- induced liver injury in rats. Pharm. Biol, 52(8) : 1060-1068.
[38] Javed T,Ashfaq UA,Riaz S,Rehman S,Riazuddin S S .2011 .In-vitro antiviral activity of Solanum nigrum against hepatitis C virus. , 8(1) : 1-7.
[39] Jiang X,Wang W,Park H W .2019 .Pin101 all-oral direct-acting antivirals decrease liver complications in chronic hepatitis C patients with substance use disorders in the United States. Value Health, 22 : S211.
[40] Khalid HR,Aamir M,Tabassum S,Alghamdi YS,Alzamami A,Ashfaq UA .2022 .Integrated System Pharmacology Approaches to Elucidate MultiTarget Mechanism of Solanum surattense against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. , 27(19) : 6220.
[41] Khan M,Qasim M,Ashfaq UA,Idrees S,Shah M .2013 .Computer aided screening of Accacia nilotica phytochemicals against HCV NS3/4a. , 9(14) : 710.
[42] Khan M,Rauf W,Habib FE,Rahman M,Iqbal S,Shehzad A,Iqbal M .2022 .Hesperidin identified from citrus extracts potently inhibits HCV genotype 3a NS3 protease. BMC Complement. Med, 22(1) : 98.
[43] Kim JL,Morgenstern KA,Griffith JP,Dwyer MD,Thomson JA,Murcko MA,Lin C,Caron PR C .1998 .Hepatitis C virus NS3 RNA helicase domain with a bound oligonucleotide: The crystal structure provides insights into the mode of unwinding. Structure, 6(1) : 89-100.
[44] Korga A,Ostrowska M,Jozefczyk A,Iwan M,Wojcik R,Zgorka G,Herbet M,Vilarrubla GG,Dudka J .2019 .Apigenin and hesperidin augment the toxic effect of doxorubicin against HepG2 cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. , 20(1) : 1-13.
[45] Krishnasarma P .2020 .HCV NS3/4A 3 Protease Inhibitors: Sime-previr. Process Patents and Evaluation, : 1-10.
[46] Kumar P .2021 .A review on the pharmaceutical activity of Solanum surattense. GSCARR, 7(3) : 038-044.
[47] Kwong A,Kim J,Lin C .2000 .Structure and function of hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 242 : 171-196.
[48] Lin C,Kim JL C .1999 .Structure-based mutagenesis study of hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. , 73(10) : 8798-8807.
[49] Matsuoka M,Wispriyono B,Igisu H B .2000 .Increased cytotoxicity of cadmium in fibroblasts lacking c-fos. Biochem. Pharmacol., 59(12) : 1573-1576.
[50] McGivern DR,Masaki T,Lovell W,Hamlett C,SaalauBethell S and Graham B .2015 .Protease inhibitors block multiple functions of the NS3/4A proteasehelicase during the hepatitis C virus life cycle. J. Virol., 89(10) : 5362-5370.
[51] Mintah SO,Asafo-Agyei T,Archer M-A,Junior PA-A,Boamah D,Kumadoh D,Appiah A,Ocloo A,Boakye YD,Agyare C .2019 .Medicinal plants for treatment of prevalent diseases. Pharmacog.-Med, 1 : 19.
[52] Myint PP,Dao TT,Kim YS .2019 .Anticancer activity of Smallanthus sonchifolius methanol extract against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Molecules, 24(17) : 3054.
[53] Organization UNID,Handa SS,Khanuja SPS,Longo G,Rakesh DD .2008 .Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants: Earth, Environmental. Marine Sciences and Technologies, 1 : 21-25.
[54] Organization WH .2024 .Action for access in low-and middle-income countries. Global hepatitis report, : .
[55] Patil VS,Harish DR,Vetrivel U,Roy S,Deshpande SH,Hegde HV .2022 .Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A inhibition and host immunomodulation by Tannins from Terminalia chebula: A structural perspective. Molecules, 27(3) : 1076.
[56] Permanasari AA,Aoki-Utsubo C,Wahyuni TS,Tumewu L,Adianti M,Widyawaruyanti A,Hotta H,Hafid AF H .2021 .An in vitro study of an Artocarpus heterophyllus substance as a hepatitis C antiviral and its combination with current anti-HCV drugs. BMC Complement. Med, 21(1) : 1-14.
[57] Petruzziello A,Marigliano S,Loquercio G,Cozzolino A,Cacciapuoti C .2016 .Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. WJG, 22(34) : 7824.
[58] Pi J,Li B,Tu L,Zhu H,Jin H,Yang F,Bai H,Cai H,Cai J .2016 .Investigation of quercetin‐induced HepG2 cell apoptosis‐associated cellular biophysical alterations by atomic force microscopy. Scanning, 38(2) : 100-112.
[59] Piselli P,Serraino D,Fusco M,Girardi E,Pirozzi A,Toffolutti F,Cimaglia C,Taborelli M C .2021 .Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of liver-related and non-liver-related deaths: A population-based cohort study in Naples, southern Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1) : 1-10.
[60] Raney KD,Sharma SD,Moustafa IM,Cameron CE .2010 .Hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 3 (HCV NS3): a multifunctional antiviral target. JBC, 285(30) : 22725-22731.
[61] Ratnoglik SL,Aoki C,Sudarmono P,Komoto M,Deng L,Shoji I,Fuchino H,Kawahara N. Hotta H .2014 .Antiviral activity of extracts from Morinda citrifolia leaves and chlorophyll catabolites, pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a, against hepatitis C virus. Micro. and immun. , 58(3) : 188-194.
[62] Ravikumar Y,Ray U,Nandhitha M,Perween A,Naika HR,Khanna N,Das S N .2011 .Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by herbal extract: Phyllanthus amarus as potent natural source. Virus Res., 158(1-2) : 89-97.
[63] Reed K. Rice C .2000 .Overview of hepatitis C virus genome structure, polyprotein processing and protein properties. The HCV, : 55-84.
[64] Rehman S,Ashfaq UA,Riaz S,Javed T,Riazuddin S T .2011 .Antiviral activity of Acacia nilotica against Hepatitis C Virus in liver infected cells. J. Virol., 8(1) : 1-6.
[65] Rehman S,Ijaz B,Fatima N,Muhammad SA,Riazuddin S SA .2016 .Therapeutic potential of Taraxacum officinale against HCV NS5B polymerase: In-vitro and In silico study. Biomed, 83 : 881-891.
[66] Rio DC,Ares M,Hannon GJ,Nilsen TW .2010 .6): pdb. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., : .
[67] Ruiz-Bustos E,Velazquez C,Garibay-Escobar A,García Z,Plascencia-Jatomea M,Cortez-Rocha M,Hernandez-Martínez J,Robles-Zepeda RE .2009 .Antibacterial and antifungal activities of some Mexican medicinal plants. J. Med, 12(6) : 1398-1402.
[68] Sahar A,Altab K,Chaudhry AH,Malik TA .2018 .Phytochemistry and biological importance of Solanum surattense. World Appl. Sci. J, 36(3) : 529-536.
[69] Scheel TK,Rice CM .2013 .Understanding the hepatitis C virus life cycle paves the way for highly effective therapies. Nat. Med, 19(7) : 837-849.
[70] Shibata C,Ohno M,Otsuka M,Kishikawa T,Goto K,Muroyama R,Kato N,Yoshikawa T,Takata A,Koike K A .2014 .The flavonoid apigenin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by decreasing mature microRNA122 levels. Virology, 462 : 42-48.
[71] Siew ZY,Asudas E,Khoo CT,Cho GH,Voon K,Fang CM .2024 .Fighting nature with nature: Antiviral compounds that target retroviruses. Arch, 206(3) : 130.
[72] Singh H,Prakash A,Kalia A,Majeed ABA .2016 .Synergistic hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum and Juniperus communis against paracetamol and azithromycin induced liver injury in rats. J. Tradit. Complement. Med, 6(4) : 370-376.
[73] Smith S,Harmanci H,Hutin Y,Hess S,Bulterys M,Peck R,Rewari B,Mozalevskis A,Shibeshi M,Mumba M M .2019 .Global progress on the elimination of viral hepatitis as a major public health threat: An analysis of WHO Member State responses 2017. JHEP Reports, 1(2) : 81-89.
[74] Sollima S,Milazzo L,Peri AM,Torre A,Antinori S,Galli M .2016 .Persistent mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis despite hepatitis C virus eradication after interferon-free antiviral therapy. Rheumatol, 55(11) : 2084-2085.
[75] Sorbo MC,Cento V,Di Maio VC,Howe AY,Garcia F,Perno CF,Ceccherini-Silberstein F,Resist Drug .2018 .Hepatitis C virus drug resistance associated substitutions and their clinical relevance: Update 2018. , 37 : 17-39.
[76] Spitz N,Barros JJ,do Ó KM,Brandão-Mello CE,Araujo NM .2019 .The first complete genome sequences of hepatitis C virus subtype 2B from latin america: Molecular characterization and phylogeographic analysis. Viruses, 11(11) : 1000.
[77] Tai CL,Pan WC,Liaw SH,Yang UC,Hwang LH,Chen DS .2001 .Structure-based mutational analysis of the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. , 75(17) : 8289-8297.
[78] Tekuri SK,Pasupuleti SK,Konidala KK,Amuru SR,Bassaiahgari P. Pabbaraju N .2019 .- A review. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 9(3) : 126-136.
[79] Thomas DL .2019 .Global elimination of chronic hepatitis. NEJM, 380(21) : 2041-2050.
[80] Wadood A,Riaz M,Jamal SB,Shah M,Lodhi MA .2013 .Molecular docking study of P4- Benzoxaborolesubstituted ligands as inhibitors of HCV NS3/4A protease. Bioinformation, 9(6) : 309.
[81] Wahaab A,Mustafa BE,Hameed M,Stevenson NJ,Anwar MN,Liu K,Wei J,Qiu Y .2021 .Potential role of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases in viral pathogenesis and anti-flavivirus drug discovery employing animal cells and models: A review. Vir., 14(1) : 44.
[82] Wahyuni TS,Tumewu L,Permanasari AA,Apriani E,Adianti M,Rahman A,Widyawaruyanti A,Lusida MI,Fuad A,Fuchino H A .2013 .Antiviral activities of Indonesian medicinal plants in the East Java region against hepatitis C virus. , 10(1) : 1-9.
[83] Wang C,Jia L,O'Boyle DR,Sun JH,Rigat K,Valera L,Nower P,Huang X,Kienzle B,Roberts S B .2014 .Comparison of daclatasvir resistance barriers on NS5A from hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 to 6: Implications for cross-genotype activity. Antimicrob, 58(9) : 5155-5163.
[84] Wang DS,Phu A,McKee K,Strasser SI,Sheils S,Weltman M,Sellar S,Davis JS,Young M,Braund A .2024 .Hepatitis C virus antiviral drug resistance and salvage therapy outcomes across Australia. OFID, 11(4) : ofae155.
[85] Wang L,Wang Y,Ye D,Liu Q .2020 .Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 55(6) : 105948.
[86] Westbrook RH,Dusheiko G .2014 .Natural history of hepatitis C. J. , 61(1) : S58-S68.
[87] Xue W,Yang Y,Wang X,Liu H,Yao X H .2014 .Computational study on the inhibitor binding mode and allosteric regulation mechanism in hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protein. PloS One, 9(2) : e87077.
[88] Yagi S,Mori K,Tanaka E,Matsumoto A,Sunaga F,Kiyosawa K,Yamaguchi K K .2005 .Identification of novel HCV subgenome replicating persistently in chronic active hepatitis C patients. J. Med, 77(3) : 399-413.
[89] Yang XY,Zhang YY,Xie WR,He SH,Wu LH,He XX,Xia HHX .2019 .Herbal medicines for hepatitis c virus infection: The exploratory journey from bench to bedside still has a long way to go. J. Explor. Res. Pharmacol., 4(2) : 9-18.
[90] Yousuf Z,Khan M,Shinwari Z M,Bot Pakistan. Pak. J. .2009 .A new variety of Solanum surattense Burm. from. , 41(6) : 2097-2103.