Acute Respiratory Infections in Northern Pakistan: An Epidemiological Approach | [Abasyn Journal of Life Sciences • 2022]

Author(s):

1. Shams-Ud-Duha Syed: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

2. Hifza Bibi: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

3. Ibrar Khan: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

4. Sidra Tul Muntaha: Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

5. Aneela Rehman: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

6. Azam Hayat: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

7. Mujaddad Ur Rehman: Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, 22010 Havelian, Pakistan

Abstract:

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are mostly infections of the upper respiratory tract which consists upper airways. Common Acute Upper Respiratory Infections (AURIs) are common cold, acute inflammation of upper respiratory tract i.e., larynx, pharynx, mucus membranes, sinuses and middle ear. Most common bacteria are Streptococcus spp., Haemophillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. etc. While, Parainfluenza virus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial, Adenovirus and Influenza virus are the common AURIs causing viruses. They are leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide with 1.9 million deaths of children annually. In Pakistan, estimated 20-30% of the total childhood deaths >5 is caused by ARIs. The current study analyzed the epidemiology of ARIs in different facility types between Jan 2017- Dec 2019 of District Abbottabad. During the 3 years study period, 4,66,048 cases were reported with Primary health facilities having highest proportion of ARIs and prevalence was highest during 2018 (84.46%). Moreover, Highest (35%) frequency of ARIs occurred during winter with peak in December (12%). While, Tehsil Abbottabad showed high prevalence (68%) as compared to Havelian (32%) . This fluctuation may be due to Risk factors that might be low humidity, indoor crowding, illiteracy and low-socioeconomic status. The current findings may help the government in making infrastructure for the healthcare system development in future.

Page(s): 84-92

DOI: 10.34091/AJLS.5.1.8

Published: Journal: Abasyn Journal of Life Sciences, Volume: 5, Issue: 1, Year: 2022

Keywords:

Northern Pakistan , Acute respiratory infections ARIs , Common Acute Upper Respiratory Infections AURIs , Bacterial and Viral Etiology

References:

[1] Tiwari P,Ahlawat R,Gupta G .2014 .Prescription practice in patients of upper respiratory tract infection at a pediatric outpatient clinic in Punjab. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 7(2) : 26-32.

[2] Thomas M,Bomar PA .2019 .Upper respiratory tract infection. StatPearls, : .

[3] Wenzel RP,Fowler III .2006 .Acute bronchitis. New England journal of medicine, 355(20) : 2125-2130.

[4] Brown J.,Zygomycosis J. .2005 .: an emerging fungal infection. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 62(24) : 2593-2596.

[5] Halaji M,Hashempour T,Pouladfar G,Ghasabi F,Khashei R,grand R .2017 .Noisy-le-. Cell Mol Biol, 63 : 115-119.

[6] Kurskaya O,Ryabichenko T,Leonova N,Shi W,Bi H,Sharshov K,Kazachkova E,Sobolev I,Prokopye va E,Kartseva T. .2018 .Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk City, Russia (. PloS one, 13(9) : e0200117.

[7] Williams BG,Gouws E,Boschi-Pinto C,Bryce J,Dye C .2002 .Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2(1) : 25-32.

[8] Lozano R,Naghavi M,Foreman K,Lim S,Shibuya K,Aboyans V,Abraham J,Adair T,Aggarwal R,Ahn SY .2012 .Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The lancet, 380(9859) : 2095-2128.

[9] Jain N,Lodha R .2001 .Upper respiratory tract infections. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 68(12) : 1135-1138.

[10] Khan TA,Madni SA,Zaidi A .2004 .Acute respiratory infections in Pakistan: have we made any progress? Journal of the College of Physicians. Pakistan: JCPSP, 14(7) : 440-448.

[11] Maheen H,Dharmalingam A .2014 .Social determinants of acute respiratory infections in babies and infants in Pakistan: a population based study. life, 12(2) : 57-63.

[12] Eccles R. .2002 .An explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections. Acta otolaryngologica, 122(2) : 183-191.

[13] Koch A,Mølbak K,Homøe P,Sørensen P,Hjuler T,Olesen ME,Pejl J,Pedersen FK,Olsen OR .2003 .Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young Greenlandic children. American journal of epidemiology, 158(4) : 374-384.

[14] Chen Y,Williams E,Kirk M .2014 .Risk factors for acute respiratory infection in the Australian community. PLoS One, 9(7) : e101440.

[15] Tchidjou HK,Vescio F,Boros S,Guemkam G,Minka E,Lobe M,Cappelli G,Colizzi V,Tietche F,Rezza G .2010 .Seasonal pattern of hospitalization from acute respiratory infections in Yaounde, Cameroon. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 56(5) : 317-320.

[16] Mäkinen TM,Juvonen R,Jokelainen J,Harju TH,Peitso A,Bloigu A,Silvennoinen-Kassinen S,Leinonen M,Hassi J .2009 .Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respiratory medicine, 103(3) : 456-462.

[17] Hoberman A,Paradise JL,Rockette HE,Shaikh N,Wald ER,Kearney DH,Colborn DK,Kurs-Lasky M,Bhatnagar S,Haralam MA .2011 .Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(2) : 105-115.

[18] Tähtinen PA,Laine MK,Huovinen P,Jalava J,Ruuskanen O,Ruohola A .2011 .A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(2) : 116-126.

[19] Dhanaraj B,Papanna MK,Adinarayanan S,Vedachalam C,Sundaram V,Shanmugam S,Sekar G,Me non PA,Wares F,Swaminathan S. Prevalence .2015 .and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PloS one, 10(4) : e0124260.

[20] Welch DF,Ginocchio CC .2010 .Point-counterpoint: Role of rapid immunochromatographic antigen testing in diagnosis of influenza A virus 2009 H1N1 infection. Journal of clinical microbiology, 48(1) : 22-25.

[21] Dabisch-Ruthe M,Vollmer T,Adams O,Knabbe C,Dreier J .2012 .Comparison of three multiplex PCR assays for the detection of respiratory viral infections: evaluation of xTAG respiratory virus panel fast assay, RespiFinder 19 assay and RespiFinder SMART 22 assay. , 12(1) : 163.

[22] Pérez-Ruiz M,Pedrosa-Corral I,Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S,Navarro-Marí J-M. Suppl S .2012 .1: Laboratory Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Automated Techniques. The open virology journal, 6 : 151.

[23] Leung AK,Kellner JD .2004 .Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Advances in therapy, 21(5) : 277-287.

[24] Gerber MA,Shulman ST .2004 .Rapid diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci. Clinical microbiology reviews, 17(3) : 571-580.

[25] Ujunwa F,Ezeonu C .2014 .Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in under‑ five children in enugu Southeast Nigeria. Annals of medical and health sciences research, 4(1) : 95-99.

[26] Rudan I,Boschi-Pinto C,Biloglav Z,Mulholland K,Campbell H K .2008 .Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bulletin of the world health organization, 86 : 408-416B.

[27] Cadieux G,Tamblyn R,Dauphinee D,Libman M. .2007 .Predictors of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing among primary care physicians. Cmaj, 177(8) : 877-883.

[28] Stille CJ,Andrade SE,Huang SS,Nordin J,Raebel MA,Go AS,Chan KA,Finkelstein JA .2004 .Increased use of second-generation macrolide antibiotics for children in nine health plans in the United States. Pediatrics, 114(5) : 1206-1211.

[29] Steinman MA,Landefeld CS,Gonzales R .2003 .Predictors of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in adult primary care. Jama, 289(6) : 719-725.

[30] Pappas DE .2018 .The common cold. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, : 199.

[31] Oxford LE,McClay J .2005 .Complications of acute sinusitis in children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 133(1) : 32-37.

[32] Goldstein NA,Casselbrant ML,Bluestone CD,Marcia K-L .1998 .Intratemporal complications of acute otitis media in infants and children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 119(5) : 444-454.

[33] Mattos JL,Colman KL,Casselbrant ML,Chi DH .2014 .Intratemporal and intracranial complications of acute otitis media in a pediatric population. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 78(12) : 2161-2164.

[34] Satomura K,Kitamura T,Kawamura T,Shimbo T,Watanabe M,Kamei M,Takano Y,Tamakoshi A,Investigators GC .2005 .Prevention of upper respiratory tract infections by gargling: a randomized trial. American journal of preventive medicine, 29(4) : 302-307.

[35] Merenstein D,Murphy M,Fokar A,Hernandez RK,Park H,Nsouli H,Sanders ME,Davis BA,Niborski V,Tondu F .2010 .Use of a fermented dairy probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei (DN-114 001) to decrease the rate of illness in kids: the DRINK study A patient-oriented, double-blind, clusterrandomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. European journal of clinical nutrition, 64(7) : 669-677.

[36] Kurugöl Z,Akilli M,Bayram N,Koturoglu G. .2006 .The prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of zinc sulphate on common cold in children. Acta Paediatrica, 95(10) : 1175-1181.

[37] Vakili R,Vahedian M,KHODAEI GH,Mahmoudi M. .2009 .Effects of zinc supplementation in occurrence and duration of common cold in school aged children during cold season: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. , : .

[38] Cohen HA,Varsano I,Kahan E,Sarrell EM,Uziel Y. .2004 .Effectiveness of an Herbal Preparation Containing Echinacea, Propolis, and Vitamin C in Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(3) : 217-221.

[39] El Gilany .2000 .A. Acute respiratory infections in primary health care centres in northern Saudi Arabia. EMHJEastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6(5-6) : 955-960.

[40] Al-Khaldi YM,Diab MM,Al-Gelban KS,Al-Asmari AS,Al-Amin S,Al-Shahrani MS .2005 .Prescribing patterns f or acute respiratory infections in primary health care, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of family & community medicine, 12(3) : 121.

[41] Kuchar E,Miśkiewicz K,Szenborn L,Kurpas D .2014 .Respiratory tract infections in children in primary healthcare in Poland. , : 53-59.

[42] Kilabuko JH,Nakai S. .2007 .Effects of cooking fuels on acute respiratory infections in children in Tanzania. International journal of environmental research and public health, 4(4) : 283-288.

[43] Khan DM,Asghar N,Ali I,Khan WA,Swat. JPMA WA .2019 .The frequency of various diseases among patients attending Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Khwazakela. , : .

[44] Pica N,Bouvier NM .2012 .Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Current opinion in virology, 2(1) : 90-95.

[45] Murray E,Klein M,Brondi L,McGowan J,Van Mels C,Brooks WA,Kleinbaum D,Goswami D,Ryan P,Bridges C .2012 .Rainfall, household crowding, and acute respiratory infections in the tropics. Epidemiology & Infection, 140(1) : 78-86.

[46] Tazinya AA,Halle-Ekane GE,Mbuagbaw LT,Abanda M,Atashili J,Obama MT .2018 .Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children under five years attending the Bamenda Regional Hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 18(1) : 7.

[47] Koirala R. Risk .2019 .Factors of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five Years Attending the Fishtail Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 12(2) : 74-79.

[48] .2002 .The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and the associated risk factors: a study of children under five years of age in Kibera Lindi village. J. Natl. Inst. Public Health, 51 : 1.

[49] Rahman M,Shahidullah M .2001 .Risk factors for acute respiratory infections among the slum infants of Dhaka city. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 27(2) : 55-62.

[50] Sharma D,Kuppusamy K,Bhoorasamy A .2013 .Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ari) and their determinants in under five children in urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram district, South India. Annals of tropical medicine and public health, 6(5) : 513.

[51] Monto AS .2002 .Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections. The American journal of medicine, 112(6) : 4-12.

[52] Wang H,Zheng Y,Deng J,Wang W,Liu P,Yang F,Jiang H .2016 .Prevalence of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized from respiratory infections in Shenzhen, China. Virology journal, 13(1) : 1-5.

[53] Bhalla K,Gupta A,Nanda S,Mehra S,Verma S. .2019 .Parental knowledge and common practices regarding acute respiratory infections in children admitted in a hospital in rural setting. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(9) : 2908.

[54] Choudhry AJ,Mujib SA,Mubashar M. .1997 .Maternal practices regarding acute respiratory tract infections in an urban slum of Lahore. Mother Child, 35(3) : 84-90.

Citations

Downloads

Views